Yeah, you can use Foundation 5 and Laravel 4 together. Since Foundation is a front-end framework and Laravel is a back-end framework, I don't see any reasons for them not to function together. You don't need Composer to install Foundation for Laravel, but there seems to be some packages on http://packagist.org/ that you can pull via Composer.
There's a short tutorial here:http://roxinlabs.com/2014/01/integrate-laravel-and-foundation-css-framework/ explaining how to use Foundation 5 with Laravel 4.
You might also want to look into here, for some best practices and more info: Best practice for Laravel 4 + Zurb Foundation 5?